青藏高原东部及邻区地块现今运动特征     

《成都理工学院学报》2008,35(1):81-86

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Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau     

ZHAGN Yijun  DONG Wansheng  ZHAO Yang  ZHANG Guangshu  Zhang Hongfa  CHEN Chengpin  ZHANG Tong 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(Z1)

The comprehensive observations on lightning discharges were conducted in Naqu area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer of 2002. The electric structures of thunderstorms and the characteristics of lightning discharges at initial stage were analyzed by using the observation data. The results show that most of intracloud (IC) lightning flashes were polarities inverted in thunderstorms with tripole electric charge structure and occurred between negative charge region located in the middle of the thunderstorm and positive charge region located at the bottom of the thunderstorm. The radiation characteristics of discharge processes in cloud with longer lasting time involved in Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning flashes were similar to that of IC discharges.A lot of radiation pulses were produced in these discharge processes. Because the IC discharges took place at the bottom of thundercloud and were near the ground, they may produce more serious damage to equipment on the ground therefore should not be neglected in lightning protection.  相似文献   

Establishment of apparent quantum yield and maximum ecosystem assimilation on Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem     

XU Lingling  ZHANG Xianzhou  SHI Peili  YU Guirui 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(Z1)

The alpine meadow is widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau with an area of about 1.2×106kn2. Damxung County, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is the place covered with this typical vegetation. An open-path eddy covariance system was set up in Damxung rangeland station to measure the carbon flux of alpine meadow from July to October,2003. The continuous carbon flux data were used to analyze the relationship between net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), as well as the seasonal patterns of apparent quantum yield (α) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (Pmax).Results showed that the daytime NEE fitted fairly well with the PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function, with α declining in the order of peak growth period (0.0244 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR) ＞early growth period ＞ seed maturing period ＞ withering period (0.0098 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR).The Pmax did not change greatly during the first three periods, with an average of 0.433mgCO2· m-2· s-1, i.e. 9.829 μmolCO2· m-2· s-1. However, during the withering period, Pmax was only 0.35 mgCO2 · m-2 · s-1, i.e. 7.945 μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1. Compared with other grassland ecosystems, the α of the Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem was much lower.  相似文献   

Analytical investigation of the exact groundwater divide between rivers beyond the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation     

Ruoyi Li  Xu-Sheng Wang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14036

The groundwater divide is a key feature of river basins and significantly influenced by subsurface hydrological processes. For an unconfined aquifer between two parallel rivers or ditches, it has long been defined as the top of the water table based on the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation. However, the exact groundwater divide is subject to the interface between two local flow systems transporting groundwater to rivers from the infiltration recharge. This study contributes a new analytical model for two-dimensional groundwater flow between rivers of different water levels. The flownet is delineated in the model to identify groundwater flow systems and the exact groundwater divide. Formulas with two dimensionless parameters are derived to determine the distributed hydraulic head, the top of the water table and the groundwater divide. The locations of the groundwater divide and the top of the water table are not the same. The distance between them in horizontal can reach up to 8.9% of the distance between rivers. Numerical verifications indicate that simplifications in the analytical model do not significantly cause misestimates in the location of the groundwater divide. In contrast, the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation yields an incorrect water table shape. The new analytical model is applied to investigate groundwater divides in the Loess Plateau, China, with a Monte Carlo simulation process taking into account the uncertainties in the parameters.  相似文献   

夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征及对降水影响     

潘锋  何大明  曹杰  陆颖 《地理学报》2023,78(1):87-100

基于高空间分辨率0.25°的ERA-Interim再分析资料、TRMM 3B43 Version7数据、气象站点实测数据等多源数据,本文采用一种新的流域边界水汽通量概化和提取方法,揭示了夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征,并分析了其对降水时空分异的影响。研究表明,在高黎贡山南部、北部,伯舒拉岭北部及念青唐古拉山中部,有4支区域性水汽输送高值区,多年平均输送通量分别达102.6 kg/(m·s)、66.3 kg/(m·s)、39.7 kg/(m·s)和41.3 kg/(m·s)。多支水汽输送不仅深刻影响流域水汽输送格局,而且对降水时空分异也有不同程度影响。年际变化上,中下游横断山区水汽输送对降水的影响较小,上游青藏高原区影响较大,尤其以那曲—比如—索县一带影响最为显著。空间分布上,流域降水与水汽输送通量呈显著正相关,受多支水汽输送影响形成多个区域性多雨带。  相似文献   

利用磷灰石裂变径迹对断层摩擦生热探测或测量的初步探讨          下载免费PDF全文

刘建辉 《第四纪研究》2009,29(3):644-652

以青藏高原东北缘断裂带为研究对像,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量进行了初步探讨。其基本思路是利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计的热敏感,通过对横跨断层垂直方向断层岩和围岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及围限径迹长度分布的对比分析,对断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测。本次研究对来自3个断层剖面的13个样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹分析,样品包括断层主滑动面上的断层泥、碎裂岩和断层围岩,分析结果并没有获得断层摩擦生热的证据,表明这些断层在地震滑动过程中的摩擦增温非常有限,没有达到磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计体系可加载热信息的温度－时间要求。结合前人已有的相关研究,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测或测量存在的主要问题及可行性进行了初步总结和探讨,认为只适应于对震级大、断层滑动距离和速率大,摩擦强度强,位于一定深度有大量摩擦热生成,并使断层附近增温达到或超过磷灰石裂变径迹部分或完全退火温度的断层进行滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量,将是一种潜在的能对地震断层滑动摩擦生热或增温进行测量的“热量计或温度计”。  相似文献   

青藏高原的水塔功能   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

鲁春霞  谢高地  成升魁  李双成 《山地学报》2004,22(4):428-432

青藏高原是维持我国乃至东亚地区生态系统的重要水塔。高原平均海拔在4000m以上,与周边地区形成了巨大的地势差。高原东南部不仅具有丰富的降水,而且在3500m以上以冰川雪被形态储存了巨大的水资源,因此,高原具有重要的水塔功能。基于高原潜在输出总水量和不同海拔区域水体所具有的势能两个方面,建立了高原水塔功能的模型,从而利用GIS方法,通过对我国1∶400万系列图和相关资料的统计分析,计算出高原不同高度带贮存的大气降水、冰川储水量、湖泊水量以及工农业用水量。计算结果表明,青藏高原冰川湖泊的淡水储量达39921×108m3,其中冰川储水量为39228×108m3,可利用湖泊储水量为693×108m3,平均每年由降水获得的水资源量为8495×108m3,高原工农业用水量为129×108m3。因此,高原的输出水量即出境河川径流量为6870×108m3。高原储水主要分布在海拔3000～5000m间,与高原周围相比,平均势差在2000～4000m间,最大的势差达5500m。水体具有巨大的势能,在势能的作用下,自然向周边区域输送汇集,维持着周边地区的生态过程和社会经济活动,因此,青藏高原的水塔功能对于周边地区的生态系统和社会经济系统是极其重要的。  相似文献   

Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples     

ZHOU Ping  WEN An-bang  YAN Dong-chun  SHI Zhong-lin  GUO Jin  JU Zhan-sheng  ZHANG Yi-lan 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):526-534

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program （GGP）, which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian （in Chongqing Municipality） and Ansai （in Shaanxi Province） were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.  相似文献   

青藏高原东北部新近纪古流向与物源分布对隆升的响应          下载免费PDF全文

杨永锋  张克信  徐亚东  宋博文  张楗钰  骆满生  季军良  陈奋宁  陈锐明 《地质学报》2013,87(6):797-813

通过对青藏高原东北部11个新近纪沉积盆地的沉积相演化、古流向和物源演变的详细对比研究,揭示了研究区新近纪4次沉积演变与构造隆升的响应.①中新世早期(23～19.5Ma):阿牙克库木湖、柴达木、德令哈和酒泉盆地的古流向和物源分析表明东昆仑和阿尔金已经抬升成剥蚀区.循化、贵德和临夏等盆地物源和古流向指示西秦岭和拉脊山也已成为隆起区.区域上整体地势差异不显著.②中新世早中期(17.5～15Ma):区域湖盆面积扩大,阿牙克库木湖、索尔库里、柴达木和酒泉盆地的资料反映东昆仑、阿尔金和祁连山已经全面隆升,贵德循化、临夏盆地的古流向反映为盆地周缘型,指示西秦岭和拉脊山明显抬升,区域差异隆升造成盆地凹陷扩张进入湖泛期.③中新世中晚期(10～7Ma):阿牙克库木湖、索尔库里、柴达木和酒泉盆地沉积物的粒径和沉积速率增大,与热年代学证据一致,揭示出阿尔金山和祁连山进一步快速隆升.贵德、循化和临夏盆地古流向和物源反映为显著的多源性,除西秦岭和拉脊山外,位于循化和临夏两盆地间的积石山也开始隆起.④上新世(5.3Ma以来):索尔库里、柴达木和酒泉盆地古流向没有明显变化,沉积速率和粒径继续增大,阿尔金和祁连山加速隆升为高海拔地貌.贵德盆地主物源区是拉脊山.区域上,地势差异加强,湖盆被肢解后逐步萎缩消亡.  相似文献   

夏半年青藏高原“湿池” 的水汽分布 及水汽输送特征   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

王霄  巩远发  岑思弦 《地理学报》2009,64(5):601-608

采用1948-2007年共计60年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料.计算了夏半年(4-9月)青藏高原大气中的可降水量、水汽输送通量和水汽输送通量散度,分析了夏半年青藏高原可降水量的分布和变化特征,青藏高原及其附近的水汽输送.结果表明:在对流层中层的青藏高原上空,夏季是一个明显的大气水汽含量高中心,\"湿池\"特征非常显著,湿池主要有三个大的可降水量中心,即高原的西南部、东南部和高原南侧.4-9月,高原上的可降水量变化很大,高原的增湿的速度小于减湿的速度.水汽进人高原主要通过三条水汽通道,即西风带水汽输送通道、印度洋-孟别拉湾水汽通道和南海-孟加托湾水汽通道.水汽主要在高原西南侧、喜马拉雅山中段和高原东南侧进入高原.  相似文献