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1.
A relatively independent and small-scale heavy rainfall event occurred to the south of a slow eastward-moving meso-α-scale vortex. The analysis shows that a meso-β-scale system is heavily responsible for the intense precipitation. An attempt to simulate it met with some failures. In view of its small scale, short lifetime and relatively sparse observations at the initial time, an adjoint model was used to examine the sensitivity of the meso-β-scale vortex simulation with respect to initial conditions. The adjoint sensitivity indicates how small perturbations of initial model variables anywhere in the model domain can influence the central vorticity of the vortex. The largest sensitivity for both the wind and temperature perturbation is located below 700 hPa, especially at the low level. The largest sensitivity for the water vapor perturbation is located below 500 hPa, especially at the middle and low levels. The horizontal adjoint sensitivity for all variables is mainly located toward the upper reaches of the Yangtze River with respect to the simulated meso-β-scale system in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces with strong locality. The sensitivity shows that warm cyclonic perturbations in the upper reaches can have a great effect on the development of the meso-β-scale vortex. Based on adjoint sensitivity, forward sensitivity experiments were conducted to identify factors influencing the development of the meso-β-scale vortex and to explore ways of improving the prediction. A realistic prediction was achieved by using adjoint sensitivity to modify the initial conditions and implanting a warm cyclone at the initial time in the upper reaches of the river with respect to the meso-β-scale vortex,as is commonly done in tropical cyclone prediction.  相似文献   

2.
王智  高坤 《大气科学进展》2003,20(4):638-649
Whether the initial conditions contain pronounced mesoscale signals is important to the simulation of the southwest vortex. An eastward-moving southwest vortex is simulated using the PSU/NCAR MM5. A modest degree of success is achieved, but the most serious failure is that the formation and displacement of the simulated vortex in its early phase are about fourteen hours later than the observed vortex. Considering the relatively sparse data on the mesoscale vortex and in an attempt to understand the cause of the forecast failure, an adjoint model is used to examine the sensitivity of the southwest vortex to perturbations of initial conditions. The adjoint sensitivity indicates how small perturbations of model variables at the initial time in the model domain can influence the vortex. A large sensitivity for zonal wind is located under 400 hPa, a large sensitivity for meridional wind is located under 500 hPa, a large sensitivity for temperature is located between 500 and 900 hPa, and almost all of the large sensitivity areas are located in the southwestern area. Based on the adjoint sensitivity results, perturbations are added to initial conditions to improve the simulation of the southwest vortex. The results show that the initial conditions with perturbations can successfully simulate the formation and displacement of the vortex; the wind perturbations added to the initial conditions appear to be a cyclone circulation under the middle level of the atmosphere in the southwestern area with an anticyclone circulation to its southwest; a water vapor perturbation added to initial conditions can strengthen the vortex and the speed of its displacement.  相似文献   

3.
An adjoint sensitivity analysis of one mesoscale low on the mei-yu Front is presented in this paper. The sensitivity gradient of simulation error dry energy with respect to initial analysis is calculated. And after verifying the ability of a tangent linear and adjoint model to describe small perturbations in the nonlinear model, the sensitivity gradient analysis is implemented in detail. The sensitivity gradient with respect to different physical fields are not uniform in intensity, simulation error is most sensitive to the vapor mixed ratio. The localization and consistency are obvious characters of horizontal distribution of the sensitivity gradient, which is useful for the practical implementation of adaptive observation. The sensitivity region tilts to the northwest with height increasing; the singular vector calculation proves that this tilting characterizes a quick-growing structure, which denotes that using the leading singular vectors to decide the adaptive observation region is proper. When connected with simulation of a mesoscale low on the mei-yu Front, the sensitivity gradient has the following physical characters: the obvious sensitive region is mesoscale, concentrated in the middle-upper troposphere, and locates around the key system; and the sensitivity gradient of different physical fields correlates dynamically.  相似文献   

4.
The adjoint sensitivity related to explosive cyclogenesis in a conditionally unstable atmosphere is investigated in this study.The PSU/NCAR limited-area,nonhydrostatic primitive equation numerical model MM5 and its adjoint system are employed for numerical simulation and adjoint computation,respectively.To ensure the explosive development of a baroclinic wave,the forecast model is initialized with an idealized condition including an idealized two-dimensional baroclinic jet with a balanced three-dimensional moderateamplitude disturbance,derived from a potential vorticity inversion technique.Firstly,the validity period of the tangent linear model for this idealized baroclinic wave case is discussed,considering different initial moisture distributions and a dry condition.Secondly,the 48-h forecast surface pressure center and the vertical component of the relative vorticity of the cyclone are selected as the response functions for adjoint computation in a dry and moist environment,respectively.The preliminary results show that the validity of the tangent linear assumption for this idealized baroclinic wave case can extend to 48 h with intense moist convection,and the validity period can last even longer in the dry adjoint integration.Adjoint sensitivity analysis indicates that the rapid development of the idealized baroclinic wave is sensitive to the initial wind and temperature perturbations around the steering level in the upstream.Moreover,the moist adjoint sensitivity can capture a secondary high sensitivity center in the upper troposphere,which cannot be depicted in the dry adjoint run.  相似文献   

5.
Predicting the intensity of tropical cyclones(TCs)is challenging in operational weather prediction systems,partly due to the difficulty in defining the initial vortex.In an attempt to solve this problem,this study investigated the effect of initial vortex intensity correction on the prediction of the intensity of TCs by the operational numerical prediction system GRAPES_TYM(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System_Typhoon Model)of the National Meteorological Center of the China Meteorological Administration.The statistical results based on experiments using data for major TCs in 2018 show that initial vortex intensity correction can reduce the errors in mean intensity for up to 120-h integration,with a noticeable decrease in the negative bias of intensity and a slight increase in the mean track error.The correction leads to an increase in the correlation coefficient of Vmax(maximum wind speed at 10-m height)for the severe typhoon and super typhoon stages.Analyses of the errors in intensity at different stages of intensity(including tropical storms,severe tropical storms,typhoons,severe typhoons,and super typhoons)show that vortex intensity correction has a remarkable positive influence on the prediction of super typhoons from 0 to 120h.Analyses of the errors in intensity for TCs with different initial intensities indicate that initial vortex correction can significantly improve the prediction of intensity from 24 to 96 h for weak TCs(including tropical storms and severe tropical storms at the initial time)and up to 24 h for strong TCs(including severe typhoons and super typhoons at the initial time).The effect of the initial vortex intensity correction is more important for developing TCs than for weakening TCs.  相似文献   

6.
Using the technique of smooth filtering and cylindrical filtering, the initial vortex circulation and large-scale environmental field were separated from the background field. Then the separated initial vortex circulation was translated and reinserted in the location where it was observed. This led to the determination of a method of initial vortex relocation. For seven tropical cyclones at 23 points of measurement time in the years of 2006 and 2007, two schemes, either directly adding a tropical cyclone bogus model in the background or adding it after the relocation of the initial vortex in the background field, were employed. Simulation experiments were compared. The results showed that the mean errors of the simulated tropical cyclone tracks at 24 and 48 hours were both smaller with the scheme of adding tropical cyclone bogus model after the relocation of the initial vortex in the background field. The relocation method of the initial vortex decreases the error caused by the deviation of the initial tropical cyclone location in tropical cyclone models. The relocation method is conducive to improving the track forecast of tropical cyclone models and has a good perspective for operational application.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of baroclinicity on vortex axisymmetrization is examined within a two-layer dynamical model.Three basic state vortices are constructed with varying degrees of baroclinicity:(i) barotropic,(ii) weak baroclinic,and (iii) strong baroclinic.The linear and nonlinear evolution of wavenumber-2 baroclinic disturbances are examined in each of the three basic state vortices.The results show that the radial propagating speed of the vortex Rossby wave at the lower level is larger with the stronger baroclinicity,resulting in a faster linear axisymmetrization process in the stronger baroclinic vortex.It is found that the nonlinear axisymmetrization process takes the longest time in the strongest baroclinic vortex among the three different basic vortices due to the weaker kinetic energy transfer from asymmetric to symmetric circulations at the lower level.A major finding in this study is that the same initial asymmetric perturbation can have different effects on symmetric vortices depending on the initial vortex baroclinicity.In numerical weather prediction models,this implies that there exists a sensitivity of the subsequent structural and intensity change solely due to the specification of the initial vertical shear of the tropical cyclone vortex.  相似文献   

8.
The three-dimensional wind fields of the heavy rain on 12-13 June 2005 in Guangdong province are retrieved and studied with the volume scan data of the dual-Doppler radar located in the cities of Meizhou and Shantou. It is shown that the meso-β-scale and meso-γ-scale convergence lines located in the convective system at the low and middle layer play an important role in the heavy rainfall. The convergence line is the initiating and maintaining mechanism of the rain. A three dimensional kinematic structure model is also given.  相似文献   

9.
The three-dimensional wind fields of the heavy rain on 12-13 June 2005 in Guangdong province are retrieved and studied with the volume scan data of the dual-Doppler radar located in the cities of Meizhou and Shantou. It is shown that the meso-β-scale and meso-γ-scale convergence lines located in the convective system at the low and middle layer play an important role in the heavy rainfall. The convergence line is the initiating and maintaining mechanism of the rain. A three dimensional kinematic structure model is also given.  相似文献   

10.
A mei-yu front process in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on 23 June 1999 was simulated by using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR (PSU/NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) with FDDA (Four Dimension Data Assimilation). The analysis shows that seven weak small mesoscale vortexes of tens of kilometers, correspondent to surface low trough or mesoscale centers, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the mei-yu front were heavily responsible for the heavy rainfall. Sometimes, several weak small-scale vortexes in the PBL could form a vortex group, some of which would weaken locally, and some would develop to be a meso-α-scale low vortex through combination. The initial dynamical triggering mechanism was related to two strong currents: one was the northeast flow in the PBL at the rear of the mei-yu front, the vortexes occurred exactly at the side of the northeast flow; and the other was the strong southwest low-level jet (LLJ) in front of the Mei-yu front, which moved to the upper of the vortexes. Consequently, there were notable horizontal and vertical wind shears to form positive vorticity in the center of the southwest LLJ. The development of mesoscale convergence in the PBL and divergence above, as well as the vertical positive vorticity column, were related to the small wind column above the nose-shaped velocity contours of the northeast flow embedding southwestward in the PBL, which intensified the horizontal wind shear and the positive vorticity column above the vortexes, baroclinicity and instability.  相似文献   

11.
一次东移西南涡对初始扰动的伴随敏感性试验   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
初始条件能否包含有足够的中尺度信息对西南涡的模拟至关重要,采用中尺度模式MM5对我国长江流域一次东移西南涡进行模拟试验,并结合一个伴随模式MAMS对这次西南涡进行敏感性试验,分析预报变量对初始条件的敏感性分布,根据敏感性分析结果对初始条件追加一个适当的扰动进行模拟对比,结果表明:追加扰动后的初始条件较成功地模拟出了本次西南涡的形成和移动情况,而原来的试验模拟的低涡与实况相比要落后十几小时;伴随模式MAMS较好地模拟出了本次西南涡的敏感性场分布,本次西南涡对西风扰动的大敏感性区域主要位于400hPa以下的西南地区,对南风扰动的大敏感性区域主要位于500hPa以下的西南地区,对温度扰动的大敏感性区域则主要位于500hPa与900hPa之间的西南地区;追加的风场扰动在中低层的西南地区表现为一个气旋性环流,在这个气旋性环流的西南方存在另一个反气旋性环流;在此基础上增加初始场水汽扰动则在一定程度上加强了模拟低涡的强度和移动速度。  相似文献   

12.
隆霄  潘维玉  邱崇践  赵建华 《高原气象》2009,28(6):1335-1347
利用常规观测资料\, 卫星观测的高时空分辨率TBB资料以及客观分析资料, 对2002年6月22~23日(“02.6”)一次非典型的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了天气分析。在此基础上, 利用中尺度数值模式MM5对此次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟, 并分析了暴雨中尺度系统的结构特征。结果表明: (1)天气分析显示, “02.6”梅雨锋暴雨过程与α中尺度低涡的东移发展和对流层低层的两支低空急流的增强发展有关。对流层低层700 hPa为一个缓慢东移与南压的东北西南向冷式切变线, 暖式切变线不太明显, 这与通常的江淮切变线梅雨锋暴雨不同。对流层500 hPa的副热带高压非常强, 高层200 hPa对流层高层的反气旋环流非常强并与高空急流相伴, 南亚高压中心位于我国江南地区。(2)TBB资料分析表明, 此次暴雨过程产生与多个β中尺度系统合并发展成α中尺度系统以及此后从α中尺度系统中不断分裂出β中尺度系统发展演变密切相关; 强中尺度对流系统主要在中尺度低涡冷、 暖切变线的的南侧发生和发展, 并不是在中尺度低涡的冷暖切变线上发展。(3)垂直结构分析显示: 在中尺度系统开始发展阶段, 中尺度系统具有强的垂直于剖面的风分量切变、 低空急流核以及高空强辐散低空强辐合, 这有利于中尺度系统的发展; 当中尺度低涡发展到相对成熟的阶段, 其后部不断分裂出中小尺度系统, 对流层低层的θe具有明显暖心结构, 由于气块绝热上升冷却效应比对流潜热释放作用强, 导致在800~600 hPa层上 θe比环境的低, 加之在强上升运动的顶部两侧的下沉补偿气流也比较弱, 这不利于中尺度低涡的维持。  相似文献   

13.
2011年7月29日山西大暴雨过程的多尺度特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料、红外辐射亮温(TBB)、多普勒雷达和气柱水汽总量等资料,对2011年7月28-29日发生在山西境内的区域性暴雨进行多尺度特征分析。结果表明:(1)乌拉尔山阻高崩溃,西风槽东移、副高进退是此次暴雨发生的环流特征;(2)850 hPa低涡切变和700 hPa暖式切变线及地面冷锋是暴雨发生的中α尺度触发系统;(3)〉30 dBZ的雷达回波呈南北向位于地面冷锋与700 hPa切变线之间,雷达回波随地面冷锋和700 hPa切变线的东移而东移;(4)低空低涡切变受500 hPa强盛西南气流的引导向东北移动,暴雨落区始终与低涡切变相伴随;(5)暴雨过程山西境内共有9个中β尺度对流云团活动,山西西南部的暴雨主要由5个中β尺度对流云团的相继移入并在自动站极大风速风场切变线附近触发对流发展所致;山西东南部的大暴雨则是3个中β尺度对流云团合并发展的结果,中γ尺度气旋是导致局地大暴雨发生的直接影响系统;(6)暴雨发生在气柱水汽总量空间分布图中水汽锋的南部和东部及靠近气柱水汽总量的大值区一侧,水汽锋的形成比降水开始提前17 h,比暴雨发生提前24 h以上,对暴雨的短期、短时预报有指示意义。  相似文献   

14.
一次东北冷涡不同阶段强对流天气特征对比分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用NCAR/NCEP再分析(1?×1?)资料、区域自动站观测、FY-2D/2E卫星观测和GPS/MET水汽监测等资料,对2012年6月7-18日长春地区发生在同一东北冷涡系统不同演变阶段的3次强对流天气进行对比诊断分析。结果表明:在冷涡形成期,高低空急流耦合产生的次级环流上升支,触发锋前不稳定能量释放,导致中β尺度孤立深厚湿对流系统出现;在冷涡发展期,对流层高层干冷空气向对流层中下层侵入,形成高空露点锋,触发有组织的中α尺度对流系统;在冷涡消亡期,低涡减弱为高空槽并快速东移,其后部冷空气置于低层大范围暖湿空气之上,地面中尺度辐合触发不稳定能量释放,形成中β尺度对流系统。  相似文献   

15.
2019年8月16日沈阳市区受伴有低空γ中尺度涡旋的强对流系统影响,发生了1951年有观测记录以来的最大小时降水(102 mm)。为了提高对此类涡旋所致强降水天气的认识和预报能力,综合利用多源观测和ERA5再分析资料,对此次过程中低空γ中尺度涡旋的观测特征、形成原因和对强降水的影响机制开展研究。此次过程期间,500 hPa沈阳位于东北冷涡东南侧,850 hPa以下低空位于“利奇马”台风残涡西侧的偏北气流水汽输送带内,16日午后沈阳市区具有低层大气气温廓线接近干绝热递减率、较低抬升凝结高度和逐渐加强的风垂直切变等环境条件特征;风廓线雷达资料显示降水前0—6 km风矢量差最大达17 m/s,有利于较浅薄中尺度涡旋对发生。16时前后,沈阳市区内γ中尺度辐合风场首先触发局地风暴,随后有对流风暴群移入沈阳,在局地风暴具有反气旋式旋转处合并。合并风暴在初期产生强降水后,回波顶降低、降水强度减小,低空出现了生命期约30 min的γ中尺度涡旋对,更是出现罕见的具有辐合特征的反气旋式涡旋加强的现象,伴有低空涡旋的风暴再次加强并导致后期更强的降水。相比中国中气旋统计特征,本次低空浅薄涡旋生命期较短、尺度小...  相似文献   

16.
初始涡旋结构对热带气旋强度变化影响的数值研究   总被引:6,自引:6,他引:0  
王科  吴立广 《气象科学》2019,39(3):285-294
本文利用中尺度WRF模式,通过构造3个位于不同高度上强度相同的初始涡旋暖心中心(分别称为Low试验、Mid试验和High试验),认识暖心垂直结构对热带气旋发展的影响。理想数值试验发现,在积分6 h后在Low试验和Mid试验中最大风速半径开始收缩,眼墙内对流发展,高层暖心发展明显比High试验强,强度增加明显快于High试验,达到快速增强的标准。进一步诊断发现,暖心偏低的试验中初始CAPE值较大,低层风垂直切变较强,有利于眼墙内对流发展,非绝热加热在高层暖心形成过程中起重要作用,最大风速半径收缩比High试验快,热带气旋强度快速增加。本研究清楚表明,数值预报模式中构造初始涡旋的暖心高度对模拟热带气旋的强度发展有重要影响。  相似文献   

17.
利用2016年5月2—4日NCEP的FNL 1°×1°再分析资料和GDAS的1°×1°再分析资料、地面观测资料,运用天气学分析、等熵位涡、物理量诊断和水汽来源追踪等方法,从大尺度环流背景、水汽源地和输送、动力和热力机制、等熵位涡等方面对2016年春季一次地面气旋爆发性发展导致的东北地区暴雨天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:位于40°N附近的黄淮气旋北上加强发展,2日14时至3日14时中心气压下降24 hPa,超过爆发性气旋的定义标准。500 hPa高空槽快速加强发展为闭合低涡,低空切变线加强发展为低空低涡,其东部形成明显的低空急流,为暴雨区提供水汽和热量,为东北地区典型的暖式切变降水。等熵位涡自320 K高层向305 K低层输送下传,并逐步向南向东移动,高空正位涡的下传促使地面气旋快速发展,上升运动加强,有利于暴雨的出现。比湿在6 g·kg^(-1)以上对东北地区春末夏初暴雨预报有一定的参考意义。水汽主要来源于东海、黄海及西北太平洋。暴雨区与850 hPa水汽通量散度的负值区、700 hPa垂直速度和850 hPa绝对涡度大值区较为一致,强降水区与850 hPa相当位温密集带和暖区锋生区相对应,降水位于能量锋区以及偏暖区一侧。  相似文献   

18.
2006年7月3日傍晚到4日凌晨,苏北到黄海的一个中尺度对流复合体(MCC)产生了系列龙卷、直线型对流大风和强降水,利用常规高空地面观测、区域自动气象站、卫星云图以及多普勒天气雷达资料,详细分析此次中尺度对流复合体的结构和产生的天气背景。主要结论如下:(1)该中尺度对流复合体高层为对应分离背景场的强辐散,中层在副热带高压西北侧和500 hPa东移的短波槽前,地面位于锋面气旋暖区内;该中尺度对流复合体发生在中等到强的对流有效位能、强的深层(0—6 km)和低层(0—1 km)风垂直切变环境下;(2)该中尺度对流复合体主要垂直环流特征为:近地层东南气流和其上的中低层西南暖湿气流从对流复合体南部流入到复合体中心,复合体后部对流层中低层和中层为较干冷的西北气流夹卷进入中尺度对流复合体,导致降水蒸发冷却形成强烈下沉气流,产生带有西北风动量的下沉气流,到地面形成β中尺度冷池,冷池与周边暖湿气流的交界处为β中尺度阵风锋,同时中尺度对流复合体位于对流层低层到地面部分形成深厚冷池导致的雷暴高压,阵风锋前部有β中尺度暖低压;中尺度对流复合体中高层由于水汽凝结潜热释放加热形成暖心结构,位于对流层中层的主要特征为β中尺度气旋性涡旋对应的中尺度低压,对流层高层存在β中尺度辐散反气旋环流;(3)多普勒天气雷达探测揭示该中尺度对流复合体成熟阶段主要呈现为线性结构,主要构成是一条尺度在150—200 km的活跃弓形飑线,还有数条较弱的呈气旋性弯曲的对流雨带,雨带旋入共同的涡旋中心,该涡旋中心与地面锋面气旋的中心相对应(重合),同时也是相应中尺度对流复合体的β中尺度气旋的中心,直径为40—60 km;(4)在上述活跃弓形飑线的前侧出现多个中尺度涡旋,4个EF2级龙卷和3个EF1级龙卷都发生在这些中尺度涡旋内,导致龙卷的中尺度涡旋水平尺度为4—5 km,旋转速度接近超级单体的强中气旋旋转速度,垂直伸展比超级单体中气旋浅薄,形成机制也与超级单体中气旋有明显差异;(5)该中尺度对流复合体成熟阶段的云系尺度为1000 km,其中低于220 K (-52℃)冷云盖的尺度在400 km左右,其内部结构的主要构成是一条150—200 km长的活跃弓形飑线,地面β中尺度冷池和阵风锋,沿着弓形飑线前侧出现多个尺度为4—5 km的中尺度涡旋,其中部分中尺度涡旋导致尺度只有几十至几百米的EF1和EF2级龙卷,呈现出明显的多尺度结构特征。   相似文献   

19.
夏茹娣  赵思雄 《大气科学》2009,33(3):468-488
通过对雷达、卫星、地面等观测资料的诊断分析以及数值模拟研究, 对2005年6月广东 (粤中) 地区特大持续性暴雨的β中尺度系统进行了研究, 得出以下结果: (1) β中尺度系统是该次广东持续性暴雨的直接制造者, 当地的喇叭口地形非常有利于β中尺度系统的触发与维持。β中尺度系统发展初期有一些更小的γ中尺度系统的活动, 它们形成带状, 逐渐发展合并为β中尺度系统。 (2) 在较为成功的模拟的基础上, 采用模式输出资料对β中尺度对流雨团P作了仔细分析, 结果显示低层对应风场的辐合, 高层对应风场的辐散, 这种高低空散度场配置非常有利于强降水的产生和维持, β中尺度雨团中心对应着上升运动, 而在雨团北侧有弱下沉气流的补偿。引起降水的β中尺度系统多位于锋前暖区的相对更暖区域。 (3) 在同一次暴雨过程中, 粤桂两地同处锋前暖区, 对其风场上的异同点作了比较。共同点是低层均存在风场的辐合。但广西为风速辐合, 辐合中心具移动性, 而广东为风向辐合, 有明显辐合线, 辐合中心, 稳定少动。 (4) 地面辐合线上的扰动以及地面较强的温湿对比区的热力作用对于β中尺度系统的触发可能有重要的影响。地面资料提供了很有用的信息, 是一种重要的工具。 (5) 在此基础上提出了锋前暖区中尺度对流系统及地形、地面风、温、湿分布对其影响的概念模型。  相似文献   

20.
The structure and organization of the extreme-rain-producing deep convection towers and their roles in the formation of a southwest vortex(SWV) event are studied using the intensified surface rainfall observations, weather radar data and numerical simulations from a high-resolution convection-allowing model. The deep convection towers occurred prior to the emergence of SWV and throughout its onset and development stages. They largely resemble the vortical hot tower(VHT) commonly seen in typhoons or hurricanes and are thus considered as a special type of VHT(sVHT). Each sVHT presented a vorticity dipole structure, with the upward motion not superpose the positive vorticity.A positive feedback process in the SWV helped the organization of sVHTs, which in turn strengthened the initial disturbance and development of SWV. The meso-γ-scale large-value areas of positive relative vorticity in the mid-toupper troposphere were largely induced by the diabatic heating and tilting. The strong mid-level convergence was attributed to the mid-level vortex enhancement. The low-level vortex intensification was mainly due to low-level convergence and the stretching of upward flow. The meso-α-scale large-value areas of positive relative vorticity in the low-level could expand up to about 400 hPa, and gradually weakened with time and height due to the decaying low-level convergence and vertical stretching in the matured SWV. As the SWV matured, two secondary circulations were formed,with a weaker mean radial inflow than the outflow and elevated to 300-400 hPa.  相似文献   

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