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1.
本文用一个二维模式,实施了三组数值试验.初步分析了背景流的改变对植被带局地气候的影响.结果表明:背景风场强度适当时,植被——裸地下垫面属性的非均一性激发的次级环流会显著增强.背景风强度与次级环流强度之间呈非线性联系.  相似文献   

2.
基于WRF模式的三峡地区局地下垫面效应的数值试验   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
基于WRF模式,在模式下垫面中嵌入长江水体以及改变地形高度,研究了三峡地区长江水体和局地地形在有降水和无降水事件中的局地效应.结果表明,在有降水事件中,水体下垫面为降水提供了局地水汽,同时在局地喇叭口和峡谷地形动力强迫作用下,近地面河谷风增加,偏南气流携带水汽北上,三峡地区下游段在峡谷地形的"狭管"效应作用下,河谷风偏...  相似文献   

3.
中国东部不同区域城市群下垫面变化气候效应的模拟研究   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
本文利用法国动力气象实验室发展的大气环流模式(LMDZ)对珠江三角洲(简称珠三角)、长江三角洲(简称长三角)和北京市、天津市、河北省区域(简称京津冀)城市群下垫面变化的东亚气候进行模拟试验, 以探讨不同区域城市群下垫面变化带来的夏季气候效应及其可能机制, 结果表明:珠三角、长三角和京津冀城市群下垫面类型改变后, 地表潜热蒸发显著减少, 为了平衡地面能量收支, 地面温度升高, 进而感热通量、地表有效长波辐射增强, 地表通过升温对能量进行再分配和再平衡, 且下垫面改变引起的温度、地表能量变化基本集中于城市群下垫面变化区域, 温度响应具有显著的局地性;对比不同区域城市化温度响应的强弱, 发现各区域地表气温变化和能量变化存在较好的对应关系, 长三角、珠三角城市群的总能量变化远高于京津冀城市群, 其局地增温也是京津冀城市群的一倍以上;局地温度增加, 虽有利于低层形成热低压, 出现明显上升运动, 但蒸发减弱使局地水汽明显减少, 最终导致降水减少, 表明水汽条件改变是降水减少的主要因素。同时由于中国东部高层呈现南正北负的异常变化, 西太平洋副高加强西伸, 使降水减少区域并没有集中在局地, 特别是东部城市带试验中, 出现了东部地区大范围的降水偏少。  相似文献   

4.
韩珏靖  陈飞  沈建 《气象科学》2012,32(S1):110-119
本文利用Micaps资料、江苏自动气象站数据、常州多普勒雷达观测和NCEP全球分析场,从降水实况、环流背景、雷达回波特征、动力和热力条件等方面,对2009年8月2日和2011年7月13日两次江苏盛夏局地特大暴雨过程进行了分析和比较。结果表明:大尺度鞍型场背景下副热带高压和大陆高压的同时增强使得降水系统更集中、对流发展更旺盛,降水中心在低空切变的南侧、地面辐合的北侧、水汽在大陆东部输送的顶点。而副热带高压相对较弱的情形下,有利于热带低值系统外围偏东风场的持续水汽输送,对流发展较弱,但持续时间更长;配合低层深厚的中尺度触发系统,使得局地降水强度更有爆发力,降水中心靠近水汽在大陆东部的输送起点。  相似文献   

5.
末次冰期东亚区域气候变化的情景和机制研究   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
钱云  钱永甫  张耀存 《大气科学》1998,22(3):283-293
用一嵌套在全球大气环流模式中的区域气候模式,通过数值试验和对内外因作用的机制分析,探讨了以末次冰期为背景的大尺度强迫引起的大气环流和区域内下垫面条件异常等中尺度强迫影响区域气候变化的过程和机制。大尺度强迫和区域内局地的中尺度强迫通过不同的热力和动力学过程影响大气运动状况和区域气候的变化。末次冰期大尺度强迫引起的全球大气环流背景的变化是形成冰期和现代区域气候差异的主要原因。  相似文献   

6.
下垫面物理过程在一次北京地区强冰雹天气中的作用   总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7  
王华  孙继松 《气象》2008,34(3):16-21
北京地区下垫面具有地形和城市边界层的双重性造成了天气变化的多样性.结合2005年5月31日发生的强冰雹天气个例,分析了下垫面物理过程在北京强对流天气中的作用.结果表明,山区的地形、城市边界层对雹云发生发展的不同阶段以至冰雹的落区、强度等都有相当大的影响.其中,此次降雹的初始回波是在西部山区地形的热力环流和动力强迫下局地触发的;城市下垫面热力作用形成的地面中尺度风场辐合线以及所造成的上升运动和能量、水汽的聚集,是对流回波在城市中心上空明显增强的主要原因;北部山区的喇叭口地形、西部山区的迎风坡抬升作用对局地强对流的发生、入境积云的发展亦有重要影响.  相似文献   

7.
陈军明  赵平  郭晓寅 《气象学报》2010,68(2):173-181
植被覆盖的变化是气候变化的成因之一,植被改变对气候的反馈可能会加强或者减缓气候的变化.文中利用CCM3全球气候模式以及20世纪70年代和90年代中国西部的植被覆盖资料进行数值模拟试验,研究了这两个时期植被变化对北方夏季区域气候的影响.模拟结果表明:植被增加的地方,地面吸收的辐射通量增加;植被减少的地方,地面吸收的辐射通量减少.地面辐射平衡的变化造成局地大气热量异常,并引起周边大气热量的调整,从而导致东亚地区夏季大气环流异常.相对于70年代的植被状况,用90年代植被模拟的北方地区对流层上层为异常气旋性环流,而中、低层为异常反气旋环流,东北亚到中国东部盛行异常北风,同时西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏南.这种异常环流特征说明模拟的90年代中国东部夏季风明显减弱,异常的环流形势造成华北和东北地区夏季水汽输送减少,水汽辐合减弱,年降水量减少了40 mm,呈现减少的特征,这是和观测事实是比较吻合的.降水和环流的异常还造成华北和东北夏季平均地面气温降低了0.4-0.8℃.因此近30年来中国西部植被变化可能是东亚夏季风年代际变化以及北方夏季降水减少的一个重要因素.  相似文献   

8.
京津冀地区低层局地大气环流的气候特征研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
曾佩生  朱蓉  范广洲  李泽椿  王月冬 《气象》2019,45(3):381-394
本文采用2007-2016年的中尺度数值模拟结果和15个地面气象站观测资料,定义了局地风场表征风速,研究京津冀平原地区局地大气环流日变化的气候特征,并对区域大气污染及其输送的影响进行分析。此外,对2016年12月30日至2017年1月7日北京地区跨年大气重污染过程进行了个例分析。得到结论:京津冀平原地区低空风场变化是天气系统与局地大气环流共同作用的结果,山谷风环流致使太行山和燕山沿线平原地区大气边界层内的长年主导风向为偏北和偏南;太行山和燕山沿线地区山谷风环流本身呈顺时针旋转的日变化特征,夜间至早晨谷风转向山风,午后至夜间山风转向谷风;在午后谷风向山风转向期间,容易形成沿太行山东麓和燕山南麓、自南向东北的"弓形"气流输送通道,此气流输送通道在1月于21时左右形成,持续时间大约3 h,在7月于18时左右形成,持续时间可达9 h;冬季午后至晚间盛行谷风时,受山体的阻挡,污染物容易在山前累积,导致污染浓度增高;夏季同样的情况会发生在后半夜。  相似文献   

9.
李磊 《热带气象学报》2021,37(4):521-529
基于计算流体力学(CFD)模拟开展了一系列理想数值试验, 分析了城市建成区的热力作用对局地环流的影响, 模拟结果表明: 在没有背景风的情况下, 城市热岛效应可破坏海陆环流的固有转换模式, 使近地面风场总是在城市建成区上空辐合; 在有微弱背景风的情况下, 热岛效应也会导致近地层风场出现线型辐合。而城市上空总是容易出现辐合风场, 可部分解释城市局地高污染带形成的物理机制。   相似文献   

10.
李永生  张丽霞  王波 《大气科学》2020,44(3):611-624
本文基于Brubaker二元模型,采用JRA-55再分析资料定量研究了局地蒸发和外部水汽输送对松花江流域夏季气候态降水及其年际变率的相对贡献,并探讨了相应的物理机制。气候平均而言,外部水汽输送是松花江流域初夏(5~6月)和盛夏(7~8月)降水的最主要水汽源。受西风带影响,初夏自西边界进入松花江流域的水汽贡献占主导,外部水汽输送对当地降水的贡献为78.9%,源自蒸发的水汽贡献为21.1%。较之初夏,由于盛夏来自南边界的水汽输送加倍,外部水汽输送贡献增加,外部水汽输送和蒸发对降水贡献分别为86%和14%。JRA-55再分析资料可以合理再现观测降水演变,1961~2016年JRA-55再分析资料降水与观测在初夏与盛夏的相关系数分别可以达到0.73和0.83。研究发现,初夏,由于西南季风异常导致的南边界进入的水汽输送异常是松花江流域降水年际变率的主要原因,自西边界、北边界进入的水汽输送与降水呈现显著负相关,初夏局地蒸发的贡献不显著,该水汽输送异常对应的环流型易发生在El Ni?o衰减年初夏。盛夏来自南边界的水汽输送起主导作用,局地蒸发贡献与降水变化显著负相关,海温强迫作用对该环流异常的强迫并不显著,中高纬度大气内部变率影响占主导。由于盛夏降水与地表温度在盛夏期间显著负相关,盛夏时期降水偏少时,温度偏高,蒸发偏强,进而蒸发水汽对降水贡献增加。  相似文献   

11.
Global climate change is expected to result in greater variation in snow cover and subsequent impacts on land surface hydrology and vegetation production in the high Trans Himalayan region (THR). This paper examines how the changes in timing and duration of snow cover affect the spatio-temporal pattern of rangeland phenology and production in the region. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from 2000 to 2009 and concurrent snow cover, precipitation and temperature data were analyzed. In contrast to numerous studies which have suggested that an earlier start of the season and an extension of the length of the growing season in mid and higher latitude areas due to global warming, this study shows a delay in the beginning of the growing season and the peak time of production, and a decline in the length of growing season in the drier part of THR following a decline and a delay in snow cover. Soil moisture in the beginning of the growing season and consequent rangeland vegetation production in drier areas of the THR was found to be strongly dependent upon the timing and duration of snow cover. However, in the wetter part of the THR, an earlier start of season, a delay in end of season and hence a longer growing season was observed, which could be attributed to warming in winter and early spring and cooling in summer and late spring and changes in timing of snow melt. The study shows a linear positive relationship between rangeland vegetation production and snow cover in the drier parts of THR, a quadratic relationship near to permanent snow line, and a negative linear relationship in wetter highlands. These findings suggest that, while temperature is important, changes in snow cover and precipitation pattern play more important roles in snow-fed, drier regions for rangeland vegetation dynamics.  相似文献   

12.
Effects of Land Cover Conversion on Surface Climate   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
This study investigates the effects of large-scale human modification of land cover on regional and global climate. A general circulation model (Colorado State University GCM) coupled to a biophysically-based land surface model (SiB2) was used to run two 15-yr climate simulations. The control run used current vegetation distribution as observed by satellite for the year 1987 to derive the vegetation's physiological and morphological properties. The twin simulation used a realistic approximation of vegetation type distribution that would exist in the absence of human disturbance.In temperate latitudes, where anthropogenic modification of the landscape has converted large areas of forest and grassland to cropland, conversion cools canopy temperatures up to 0.7 ° C in summer and 1.1 ° C in winter. This cooling results from both (1) morphological changes in vegetation which increase albedo and (2) physiological changes in vegetation which increase latent heat flux of crops compared with undisturbed vegetation during the growing season. In the tropics and subtropics, conversion warms canopy temperature by about 0.8 ° C year round. The warming results from a combination of morphological changes in vegetation offset by physiological changes that reduce latent heat flux of existing compared with undisturbed vegetation. If water efficient, tropical C4 grasses replace C3 vegetation, latent heat flux is further reduced.The overall effect of land cover conversion is cooling in temperate latitudes and warming in the tropics. Because the effects are opposite in sign in tropics and middle latitudes, they cancel each other when averaged globally. Over land, the surface temperature increased by 0.2 C in winter and remained essentially unchanged in summer. The effects on land surface hydrology were also small when averaged globally. The results suggest that the effects of land use change of the observed magnitude do not have a strong impact on the globally averaged climate but their signature at regional scales is significant and vary according to the type of land cover conversion.  相似文献   

13.
A full global atmosphere-ocean-land vegetation model is used to examine the coupled climate/vegetation changes in the extratropics between modern and mid-Holocene (6,000 year BP) times and to assess the feedback of vegetation cover changes on the climate response. The model produces a relatively realistic natural vegetation cover and a climate sensitivity comparable to that realized in previous studies. The simulated mid-Holocene climate led to an expansion of boreal forest cover into polar tundra areas (mainly due to increased summer/fall warmth) and an expansion of middle latitude grass cover (due to a combination of enhanced temperature seasonality with cold winters and interior drying of the continents). The simulated poleward expansion of boreal forest and middle latitude expansion of grass cover are consistent with previous modeling studies. The feedback effect of expanding boreal forest in polar latitudes induced a significant spring warming and reduced snow cover that partially countered the response produced by the orbitally induced changes in radiative forcing. The expansion of grass cover in middle latitudes worked to reinforce the orbital forcing by contributing a spring cooling, enhanced snow cover, and a delayed soil water input by snow melt. Locally, summer rains tended to increase (decrease) in areas with greatest tree cover increases (decreases); however, for the broad-scale polar and middle latitude domains the climate responses produced by the changes in vegetation are relatively much smaller in summer/fall than found in previous studies. This study highlights the need to develop a more comprehensive strategy for investigating vegetation feedbacks.  相似文献   

14.
In order to test the sensitivity of regional climate to regional-scale atmosphere-land cover feedbacks, we have employed a regional climate model asynchronously coupled to an equilibrium vegetation model, focusing on the western United States as a case study. CO2-induced atmosphere-land cover feedbacks resulted in statistically significant seasonal temperature changes of up to 3.5°C, with land cover change accounting for up to 60% of the total seasonal response to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. In many areas, such as the Great Basin, albedo acted as the primary control on changes in surface temperature. Along the central coast of California, soil moisture effects magnified the temperature response in JJA and SON, with negative surface soil moisture anomalies accompanied by negative evaporation anomalies, decreasing latent heat flux and further increasing surface temperature. Additionally, negative temperature anomalies were calculated at high elevation in California and Oregon in DJF, MAM and SON, indicating that future warming of these sensitive areas could be mitigated by changes in vegetation distribution and an associated muting of winter snow-temperature feedbacks. Precipitation anomalies were almost universally not statistically significant, and very little change in mean seasonal atmospheric circulation occurred in response to atmosphere-land cover feedbacks. Further, the mean regional temperature sensitivity to regional-scale land cover feedbacks did not exceed the large-scale sensitivity calculated elsewhere, indicating that spatial heterogeneity does not introduce non-linearities in the response of regional climate to CO2-induced atmosphere-land cover feedbacks.  相似文献   

15.
利用1971-2016年青藏高原81个气象站逐月积雪日数和45个测站第一冻结层下界观测资料,分析了青藏高原积雪冻土的时空变化特征及其与高原植被指数(NDVI)的关系,探讨了积雪冻土下垫面变化对高原植被及沙漠化的可能影响。结果表明:1)青藏高原积雪日数分布极不均匀,巴颜喀拉山和唐古拉山为高原积雪日数的大值区,且年际变率较大。2)青藏高原积雪日数总体上呈现减少趋势,平均以3.5 d/(10 a)的速率减少,且在1998年前后发生突变,减少速率进一步加快,达到5.1 d/(10 a)。3)青藏高原第一冻结层下界呈上升趋势,达到-3.7 cm/(10 a),与青藏高原增暖紧密相关。4)青藏高原NDVI呈缓慢增加趋势,与高原气温、降水的增加趋势相一致,积雪冻土的变化对不同区域植被NDVI的影响有显著差异。在气候变暖背景下,形成的暖湿环境促进积雪消融、冻土下界提升,使土壤浅层含水量增加,有利于植被恢复和生长,其结果对高原土地沙漠化防治有一定参考作用。  相似文献   

16.
Over the last century, the Arctic has warmed at twice the rate of the planet as a whole. Observational evidence indicates that this rapid warming is affecting the tundra and boreal forest biomes by changing their structure and geographic distribution. A global climate model (GCM) was used to explore the atmospheric response to boreal forest expansion by applying a one-grid cell shift of the forest into tundra. This subtle shift is meant to represent the expansion that would occur this century rather than more extreme scenarios predicted by dynamic vegetation models. Results show that this shift causes an average annual warming of 0.3 °C over the region because of a reduction in the surface albedo and an increase in net radiation. A warming of ~1.0 °C occurs in spring when the forest masks the higher albedo snow-covered surface and results in snowmelt and a reduction in cloud cover. Results fail to show a larger-scale dynamical response although some warming of the lower and mid troposphere occurs in July. No changes were found in the position or strength of the Arctic frontal zone as some studies have indicated will occur with a shift in the boreal forest-tundra boundary. These findings suggest that coupled model simulations that predict larger changes in vegetation distribution are likely overemphasizing the amount of Arctic warming that will occur this century. These findings also indicate that a realistic dynamical response to subtle land cover change might not be correctly simulated by GCMs run at coarse spatial resolutions.  相似文献   

17.
Land surface temperature is one of the most important parameters related to global warming. It depends mainly on soil type, discontinuous vegetation cover, or lack of precipitation. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between high LST, synoptic conditions and air masses trajectories, vegetation cover, and soil type in one of the driest region in Romania. In order to calculate the land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index, five satellite images of LANDSAT missions 5 and 7, covering a period of 26 years (1986–2011), were selected, all of them collected in the month of June. The areas with low vegetation density were derived from normalized difference vegetation index, while soil types have been extracted from Corine Land Cover database. HYSPLIT application was employed to identify the air masses origin based on their backward trajectories for each of the five study cases. Pearson, logarithmic, and quadratic correlations were used to detect the relationships between land surface temperature and observed ground temperatures, as well as between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index. The most important findings are: strong correlation between land surface temperature derived from satellite images and maximum ground temperature recorded in a weather station located in the area, as well as between areas with land surface temperature equal to or higher than 40.0 °C and those with lack of vegetation; the sandy soils are the most prone to high land surface temperature and lack of vegetation, followed by the chernozems and brown soils; extremely severe drought events may occur in the region.  相似文献   

18.
In order to estimate a transient response of the local hydrological cycle and vegetation cover in the African monsoon area to global climate changes, a simple two-dimensional water vapor transport model coupled with a carbon cycle model for the soil was used. The key difference from other models is that we take into account a positive feedback between the precipitation and development of the vegetation root system in the underlying surface. As our calculation shows, this feedback is responsible for a long-term transient response of local hydrological cycles to the global temperature changes. In the case of a four component vegetation system - tropical forests, savannah, semi desert and desert, (and 2 °C ocean surface water warming), a new steady-state is reached in about 1500 years.In previous works of other authors, the increase of summer precipitations during Holocene or Last Interglacial could be explained only as a result of the surface temperature increase in the intracontinental parts of Africa. However, from paleodata indicates, the temperature in the intracontinental regions of Africa rather decreased during warm epochs of geological past: Holocene optimum, Last Interglacial and middle Pliocene climatic optimum. Our simple model simulations agree with both paleoprecipitation and paleotemperature data.  相似文献   

19.
Tundra and taiga ecosystems comprise nearly 40?% of the terrestrial landscapes of Canada. These permafrost ecosystems have supported humans for more than 4500?years, and are currently home to ca. 115,000 people, the majority of whom are First Nations, Inuit and Métis. The responses of these ecosystems to the regional warming over the past 30?C50?years were the focus of four Canadian IPY projects. Northern residents and researchers reported changes in climate and weather patterns and noted shifts in vegetation and other environmental variables. In forest-tundra areas tree growth and reproductive effort correlated with temperature, but seedling establishment was often hindered by other factors resulting in site-specific responses. Increased shrub cover has occurred in sites across the Arctic at the plot and landscape scale, and this was supported by results from experimental warming. Experimental warming increased vegetation cover and nutrient availability in most tundra soils; however, resistance to warming was also found. Soil microbial diversity in tundra was no different than in other biomes, although there were shifts in mycorrhizal diversity in warming experiments. All sites measured were sinks for carbon during the growing season, with expected seasonal and latitudinal patterns. Modeled responses of a mesic tundra system to climate change showed that the sink status will likely continue for the next 50?C100?years, after which these tundra systems will likely become a net source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These IPY studies were the first comprehensive assessment of the state and change in Canadian northern terrestrial ecosystems and showed that the inherent variability in these systems is reflected in their site-specific responses to changes in climate. They also showed the importance of using local traditional knowledge and science, and provided extensive data sets, sites and researchers needed to study and manage the inevitable changes in the Canadian North.  相似文献   

20.
The influence of prescribed changes in vegetation on the climate of the North American monsoon region is examined using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model Version 3.5 (NCAR CCSM3.5). Initial value ensemble experiments are performed in which the vegetation cover fraction over the North American monsoon region is reduced by 0.2 and the intra-annual climatic response is assessed probabilistically in each one-year ensemble experiment. Changes in the surface radiation budget include decreases in sensible and latent heat fluxes and increases in upward longwave and downward shortwave radiation fluxes, with small net changes in surface albedo. The climatic responses to reduced vegetation cover fraction include year-round increases in ground and surface air temperature, a dampened hydrologic cycle with decreased springtime evaporation, springtime and autumnal precipitation, and autumnal cloud cover, and enhanced atmospheric subsidence in late autumn. Decreased vegetation shifts the monsoon season over the Southwest United States earlier in the year. Within the North American monsoon region, the most robust vegetation feedbacks to climate are found over woody landscapes.  相似文献   

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